Psychology : Modern Perspective -1

Psychodynamic Perspective
  Freud's theory is still with us today in use by many professional in therapy situations. It's far less common today than it was a few decades ago ,however ,and even those who use his techniques modify them for modern use. In the more modern Psychodynamic perspective ,the focus is still  unconscious mind and it's influence over conscious behaviour and on early childhood experience,but with less of an-emphasis on sex and sexual motivations and more emphasis on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behaviour.
  Freud had a numbered of followers who took his original ideas and modified them to their own perspective. Their students continued to modify these theories until today we have a kind of neo-freudianism. Therapists often speak freudian complexes and use much of his terminology in their work with clients. part of the reason that Freudian concepts are so enduring is the lack of any scientific way to test them and therefore,show them to be either useful or useless.

Behavioral Perspective
Like Psychoanalysis,behaviourism is still also very influential. when its primary supporter,John B. Watson, moved on the greener pastures in the world of advertising ,and the B.F.Skinner became the new leader of the field. Skinner not only continued research in classical conditioning,but he also developed a theory of how voluntary behaviour is learned called operant conditioning. In this theory,behavioral response that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened,or reinforced.

Humanistic Perspective
one of the newer perspective in psychology, was really a reaction to both psychodynamic theory and behaviourism.
The enviroment determines behaviour and the individual has little input into his or her development. Psychoanalysis wasn't mechanistics,but in that theory the workings of the physical body determine behaviour, and the individual,once again,has little to do with his or her own destiny.
Some Professionals began to develop a perspective that would allow them to focus on people's ability to direct their own lives. These theorists wanted to shift the focus to the aspects of human nature that make us inoquely human-our appreciation for beauty.

Cognitive Perspective
This Perspective focus on how people think,remember,store and use information,became a major force in the field in the 1960s. It wasn't a new idea,as the Gestalts psychologists had themselves supported the study of mental processes of learning. The development of computers (which just happened to make great models of human thinking),the work of Piaget with children,Chomsky's analysis of Skinner's views of language, and discoveries in biological psychology all stimulated an interest studying the processes of though.The Cognitive Perspective with its focus on memory,intelligence,perception,thought processes,problem solving,language,and learning has become a major force in psychology.