Psychology : Modern Perspective -1

Psychodynamic Perspective
  Freud's theory is still with us today in use by many professional in therapy situations. It's far less common today than it was a few decades ago ,however ,and even those who use his techniques modify them for modern use. In the more modern Psychodynamic perspective ,the focus is still  unconscious mind and it's influence over conscious behaviour and on early childhood experience,but with less of an-emphasis on sex and sexual motivations and more emphasis on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behaviour.
  Freud had a numbered of followers who took his original ideas and modified them to their own perspective. Their students continued to modify these theories until today we have a kind of neo-freudianism. Therapists often speak freudian complexes and use much of his terminology in their work with clients. part of the reason that Freudian concepts are so enduring is the lack of any scientific way to test them and therefore,show them to be either useful or useless.

Behavioral Perspective
Like Psychoanalysis,behaviourism is still also very influential. when its primary supporter,John B. Watson, moved on the greener pastures in the world of advertising ,and the B.F.Skinner became the new leader of the field. Skinner not only continued research in classical conditioning,but he also developed a theory of how voluntary behaviour is learned called operant conditioning. In this theory,behavioral response that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened,or reinforced.

Humanistic Perspective
one of the newer perspective in psychology, was really a reaction to both psychodynamic theory and behaviourism.
The enviroment determines behaviour and the individual has little input into his or her development. Psychoanalysis wasn't mechanistics,but in that theory the workings of the physical body determine behaviour, and the individual,once again,has little to do with his or her own destiny.
Some Professionals began to develop a perspective that would allow them to focus on people's ability to direct their own lives. These theorists wanted to shift the focus to the aspects of human nature that make us inoquely human-our appreciation for beauty.

Cognitive Perspective
This Perspective focus on how people think,remember,store and use information,became a major force in the field in the 1960s. It wasn't a new idea,as the Gestalts psychologists had themselves supported the study of mental processes of learning. The development of computers (which just happened to make great models of human thinking),the work of Piaget with children,Chomsky's analysis of Skinner's views of language, and discoveries in biological psychology all stimulated an interest studying the processes of though.The Cognitive Perspective with its focus on memory,intelligence,perception,thought processes,problem solving,language,and learning has become a major force in psychology.

Other Psychology's Person

Pavlon, Watson And The Dawn of Behaviourism

  Ivan Pavlov,like freud,was not a psychologist. He was a Russian Physiologist who working with dogs,had shown that reflex  such as salivation,which is normally produced by actually having food in one's mouth could be stimulus such as the sound of a bell. He would ring the bell,give the dogs food,and they would salivate. After several repetitions, the dogs would salivate to the sound of the bell before the food was presented-a learned (or "condition") reflexive response and this process called Conditioning

   In the early 1900s,psychologist John.B Wattson had tired of the arguing among the structuralists; he challenged the functionalist viewpoint ,ass well aspsychoanalisis,with his own "Science of Behaviour",or Behaviourism.(Watson,1924). Watson wanted to bring psychology back to a focus scientific inquiry ,and he felt that the only way to do that was ignore the whole "consciusness" issue and focus only on observable behaviour-something that could be directly seen and measured. he had read of Pavlov's work and thought that conditioning could form the basis of his new perspective of behaviourism.

  Watson was certainly aware of freud's work and his views on unconscious repression. Freud believed that all behaviour steem form unconscious motivation,whereas Watson believed that all behaviour is learned. Freud had stated that a phobia, an irrational fear,is really a symptom of an underlying,repressed conflict and cannot be "cured" without years of psychoanalysis to uncover and understand the repressed material.

Watson believed that phobias are learned through the process of conditioning and set out to prove it. He took a baby,known as "Little Albert" and taught him to fear a white rat by making a loud,scary noise every time the infant saw the rat,until finally seeing thet rat caused the infant to cry and become fearful (Watson & Rayner,1920). Even though "Little Albert" was not afraid of the rat at the start,the experiment worked very well-in fact ,"Little Albert" became afraid of anything white and fuzzy,including white beards and furry rabbits skins.

  Watson wanted to prove that all behaviour was a result of a stimulus-response relationship such as that described by Pavlov. Because Freud and his ideas about unconscious motivation were becoming a dominant force, Watson felt the need to show the world that a much simpler explanation could be found. althought scaring a baby sounds a little cruel,he felt that the advancement of the science of behaviour was worth the baby's relatively brief discomfort. One of Watson's graduate students later decided to repeat Watson and Rayne's study but added training that would "cancel out" the phobic reaction of the baby to the white rat.

Behaviourism,like a Psychoanalysis is still a major perspective in psychology today. It has also influenced the development of the others perspective,such as cognitive psychology.

 

  

Sigmund Freud's Theory Of Psychoanalysis

  Sigmund Freud had become a noted physician in Austria while the structuralists were arguing, the funcsionalists were specializing, and the Gestaltists were looking at the big picture. He was a medical doctor -a neurologist,someone who specialize in disorders of the nervous system-and he and his colleagues had long sought a way to understand the patients who were coming to them for help.

  Freud's patitent suffered form nervous disorders for which he and others doctors could find no physical cause. therefore,it was though, the cause must be in the mind,and that is where freud began to explore. he proposed that there is an unconscius (unaware) mind into which he pus,or repress,all of out threatening urges and desires.He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface,created the nervous disorders in his patients (Freud,et al.,1990).

Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experience,believing that personality was formed in the first six years of life;if there were significant problems,those problems must have begun in the early years.

  some of his well known followers were Alfred Adler,Carl Jung, and his own daughter,Anna Freud. Anna Freud begun what became known as the ego movement in psychology that produced one of the most famous psychologists in the study of personality development,Erik Erikson.

Freud Ideas are still influential today,although in a somewhat modified form. He had a numbered of followers in addition to those already named,many of whom became famous by altering his theory to fit their own viewpoint,but his basic ideas are still discussed and debated.

freudian Psychoanalysis,the theory and therapy based on Freud's ideas,has been the basis of much modern psychotherapy,but another major and competing viewpoint has actually been more influential in the field of the psychology as a whole.

  

 

The History of Psychology

                  
   Psychology is a relatively new field in the realm of the sciences,only about 125 years old.It's not that no one though about what makes people tick before then; on the contrary, there were philosophers,medical dotors, and psysiologists. who thought about little else. Aristotle,who lived from 384-322 B.C , wrote about the relationship of the soul to the body (with the two being aspects of the same underlying structure) in De Anima as well as other works (Durran,1993;Everson,1995).Plato (427-347 B.C),Aristotle's teacher felt the soul could exist separately from the body, a view that has becme known as dualism (Jackson,2001).
   Rene Descartes,a seventeeth century French philosopher and mathematician,agreed with Plato and believed that the pinel gland (a small organ at the base of the brain) was the seat of the soul (Kenny,1968,1994).Philosophers tried to understandor explain the human mind and it's connection to the Physical Body,while medical doctors and Physiologists wondered about the physical connection between the body and the brain. For Example,physician and physicist Gustav Fechner is often credited with performing some of the first scientific experiments that would form a basis for experimentation in psychology with his studies of perception (Fechner,1860),and physician Hermann von Helmholtz (von Helmholtz,1852,1863) performed groundbreaking experiments in visual and auditory perception

What Is Psychology ?

  Some people believe psychology is just the study of people and what makes them tick.
Psychologists do study people, but they study animals too. What makes people and animals "tick" is what goes on inside their bodies and brains as well as what they do.
  So...the Definition about Psychology is "The scientific study behaviour an mental process. Behaviour includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions. The term mental processes refers to all the internal,covert activity of our minds,such as thinking,feeling, and remembering.

  Every science has goals. In Physics, the goals concern learning how the physical world works. In Astronomy, the goals are to chart the universe and understand both how it came to be and what it is becoming. In Psychology,there are four goals that aim at uncovering the mysteries of human and animal behaviour :

1. Description : What is Happening
2. Explanation : Why Is It Happening
3. Prediction : When Will It Happening
4. Control : How Can It Be Changed.

 Edited.
So..there's a little information-beginning about Psychology...Theres many information about it..So..Check it everyday. ^_^